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Hits 1 - 10 (out of 92 matching entities) [178 mentions] (18 ms):

140 articles, score 18.703

Abstracts

ABL kinase domain mutations have been implicated in the resistance to the BCR-ABL inhibitor imatinib mesylate of Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) leukemia patients. Using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and sequencing, we screened for ABL kinase domain mutations in 370 Ph+ patients with evidence of hematologic or cytogenetic resistance to imatinib. Mutations were found in 127 of 297 (43%) evaluable patients. Mutations were found in 27% of chronic-phase patients (14% treated with imatinib frontline; 31% treated with imatinib post-IFN failure), 52% of accelerated-phase patients, 75% of myeloid blast crisis patients, and 83% of lymphoid blast crisis/Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. Mutations were associated in 30% of patients with primary resistance (44% hematologic and 28% cytogenetic) and in 57% of patients with acquired resistance (23% patients who lost cytogenetic response; 55% patients who lost hematologic response; and 87% patients who progressed to accelerated phase/blast crisis). P-loop and T315I mutations were particularly frequent in advanced-phase chronic myeloid leukemia and Ph+ ALL patients, and often accompanied progression from chronic phase to accelerated phase/blast crisis. We conclude that (a) amino acid substitutions at seven residues (M244V, G250E, Y253F/H, E255K/V, T315I, M351T, and F359V) account for 85% of all resistance-associated mutations; (b) the search for mutations is important both in case of imatinib failure and in case of loss of response at the hematologic or cytogenetic level; (c) advanced-phase chronic myeloid leukemia and Ph+ ALL patients have a higher likelihood of developing imatinib-resistant mutations; and (d) the presence of either P-loop or T315I mutations in imatinib-treated patients should warn the clinician to reconsider the therapeutic strategy.
Contribution of ABL kinase domain mutations to imatinib resistance in different subsets of Philadelphia-positive patients: by the GIMEMA Working Party on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, Dec 2006 [PubMed 17189410]
Mutations in the kinase domain (KD) of BCR-ABL are the most prevalent mechanism of acquired imatinib resistance in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Here we examine predisposing factors underlying acquisition of KD mutations, evidence for acquisition of mutations before and during therapy, and whether the detection of a KD mutation universally implies resistance. We also provide a perspective on how the second-line Abl inhibitors dasatinib and nilotinib are faring in the treatment of imatinib-resistant CML, especially in relation to specific KD mutations. We discuss the growing importance of the multi-inhibitor-resistant 315T>I mutant and the therapeutic potential that a 315T>I inhibitor would have. Last, we assess the potential of Abl kinase inhibitor combinations to induce stable responses even in advanced CML and interpret the emerging data in the context of CML pathogenesis.
Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations, drug resistance, and the road to a cure for chronic myeloid leukemia.
Blood, Oct 2007 [PubMed 17496200]
The deregulated, oncogenic tyrosine kinase Bcr-Abl causes chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571), a Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor, selectively inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of CML cells. Despite the success of imatinib mesylate in the treatment of CML, resistance is observed, particularly in advanced disease. The most common imatinib mesylate resistance mechanism involves Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations that impart varying degrees of drug insensitivity. AP23464, a potent adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-based inhibitor of Src and Abl kinases, displays antiproliferative activity against a human CML cell line and Bcr-Abl-transduced Ba/F3 cells (IC(50) = 14 nM; imatinib mesylate IC(50) = 350 nM). AP23464 ablates Bcr-Abl tyrosine phosphorylation, blocks cell cycle progression, and promotes apoptosis of Bcr-Abl-expressing cells. Biochemical assays with purified glutathione S transferase (GST)-Abl kinase domain confirmed that AP23464 directly inhibits Abl activity. Importantly, the low nanomolar cellular and biochemical inhibitory properties of AP23464 extend to frequently observed imatinib mesylate-resistant Bcr-Abl mutants, including nucleotide binding P-loop mutants Q252H, Y253F, E255K, C-terminal loop mutant M351T, and activation loop mutant H396P. AP23464 was ineffective against mutant T315I, an imatinib mesylate contact residue. The potency of AP23464 against imatinib mesylate-refractory Bcr-Abl and its distinct binding mode relative to imatinib mesylate warrant further investigation of AP23464 for the treatment of CML.
Inhibition of wild-type and mutant Bcr-Abl by AP23464, a potent ATP-based oncogenic protein kinase inhibitor: implications for CML.
Blood, Oct 2004 [PubMed 15256422]

25 articles, score 3.636

Abstracts

The deregulated, oncogenic tyrosine kinase Bcr-Abl causes chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571), a Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor, selectively inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of CML cells. Despite the success of imatinib mesylate in the treatment of CML, resistance is observed, particularly in advanced disease. The most common imatinib mesylate resistance mechanism involves Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations that impart varying degrees of drug insensitivity. AP23464, a potent adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-based inhibitor of Src and Abl kinases, displays antiproliferative activity against a human CML cell line and Bcr-Abl-transduced Ba/F3 cells (IC(50) = 14 nM; imatinib mesylate IC(50) = 350 nM). AP23464 ablates Bcr-Abl tyrosine phosphorylation, blocks cell cycle progression, and promotes apoptosis of Bcr-Abl-expressing cells. Biochemical assays with purified glutathione S transferase (GST)-Abl kinase domain confirmed that AP23464 directly inhibits Abl activity. Importantly, the low nanomolar cellular and biochemical inhibitory properties of AP23464 extend to frequently observed imatinib mesylate-resistant Bcr-Abl mutants, including nucleotide binding P-loop mutants Q252H, Y253F, E255K, C-terminal loop mutant M351T, and activation loop mutant H396P. AP23464 was ineffective against mutant T315I, an imatinib mesylate contact residue. The potency of AP23464 against imatinib mesylate-refractory Bcr-Abl and its distinct binding mode relative to imatinib mesylate warrant further investigation of AP23464 for the treatment of CML.
Inhibition of wild-type and mutant Bcr-Abl by AP23464, a potent ATP-based oncogenic protein kinase inhibitor: implications for CML.
Blood, Oct 2004 [PubMed 15256422]
Although the BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib is highly effective for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia-chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), relapse with emerging imatinib-resistance mutations in the BCR/ABL kinase domain poses a significant problem. Here, we demonstrate that rottlerin, a putative protein kinase C-delta (PKCdelta)-specific inhibitor, acts synergistically with imatinib to induce apoptosis of BCR/ABL-expressing K562 and Ton.B210 cells. However, rottlerin inhibited neither PKCdelta nor BCR/ABL in these cells. On the other hand, rottlerin, previously characterized also as a mitochondrial uncoupler, transiently but significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and gradually induced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Moreover, two other mitochondrial uncouplers, FCCP and DNP, very similarly induced apoptosis of BCR/ABL-expressing cells in a synergistic manner with imatinib. Imatinib synergistically enhanced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization induced by mitochondrial uncouplers, which led to release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm and activation of caspases-3 and -9. Rottlerin also enhanced the cytotoxic effect of imatinib in leukemic cells from patients with CML blast crisis and Ph-positive ALL or a cell line expressing the imatinib-resistant E255K BCR/ABL mutant. The present study indicates that rottlerin synergistically enhances imatinib-induced apoptosis through its mitochondrial uncoupling effect independent of PKCdelta and may contribute to the development of new treatment strategy to overcome the imatinib resistance and to cure the BCR/ABL expressing leukemias.
Rottlerin synergistically enhances imatinib-induced apoptosis of BCR/ABL-expressing cells through its mitochondrial uncoupling effect independent of protein kinase C-delta.
Oncogene, May 2007 [PubMed 17130834]
Point mutations were found in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding region of BCR/ABL in 12 of 18 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(+) ALL) and imatinib resistance (defined as loss of established hematologic response), but they were found in only 1 of 10 patients with CML with imatinib refractoriness (failure to achieve cytogenetic response). In 10 of 10 patients for whom samples were available, the mutation was not detected before the initiation of imatinib therapy. Three mutations (T315I, Y253H, and F317L present in 3, 1, and 1 patients, respectively) have a predicted role in abrogating imatinib binding to BCR/ABL, whereas 3 other mutations (E255K, G250E, and M351T, present in 4, 2, and 2 patients, respectively) do not. Thus we confirm a high frequency of mutations clustered within the ATP-binding region of BCR/ABL in resistant patients. Screening may allow intervention before relapse by identifying emerging mutations with defined impacts on imatinib binding. Certain mutations may respond to higher doses of imatinib, whereas other mutations may mandate switching to another therapeutic strategy.
High frequency of point mutations clustered within the adenosine triphosphate-binding region of BCR/ABL in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia or Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia who develop imatinib (STI571) resistance.
Blood, May 2002 [PubMed 11964322]

18 articles, score 2.920

Abstracts

ABL kinase domain mutations have been implicated in the resistance to the BCR-ABL inhibitor imatinib mesylate of Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) leukemia patients. Using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and sequencing, we screened for ABL kinase domain mutations in 370 Ph+ patients with evidence of hematologic or cytogenetic resistance to imatinib. Mutations were found in 127 of 297 (43%) evaluable patients. Mutations were found in 27% of chronic-phase patients (14% treated with imatinib frontline; 31% treated with imatinib post-IFN failure), 52% of accelerated-phase patients, 75% of myeloid blast crisis patients, and 83% of lymphoid blast crisis/Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. Mutations were associated in 30% of patients with primary resistance (44% hematologic and 28% cytogenetic) and in 57% of patients with acquired resistance (23% patients who lost cytogenetic response; 55% patients who lost hematologic response; and 87% patients who progressed to accelerated phase/blast crisis). P-loop and T315I mutations were particularly frequent in advanced-phase chronic myeloid leukemia and Ph+ ALL patients, and often accompanied progression from chronic phase to accelerated phase/blast crisis. We conclude that (a) amino acid substitutions at seven residues (M244V, G250E, Y253F/H, E255K/V, T315I, M351T, and F359V) account for 85% of all resistance-associated mutations; (b) the search for mutations is important both in case of imatinib failure and in case of loss of response at the hematologic or cytogenetic level; (c) advanced-phase chronic myeloid leukemia and Ph+ ALL patients have a higher likelihood of developing imatinib-resistant mutations; and (d) the presence of either P-loop or T315I mutations in imatinib-treated patients should warn the clinician to reconsider the therapeutic strategy.
Contribution of ABL kinase domain mutations to imatinib resistance in different subsets of Philadelphia-positive patients: by the GIMEMA Working Party on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, Dec 2006 [PubMed 17189410]
The deregulated, oncogenic tyrosine kinase Bcr-Abl causes chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571), a Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor, selectively inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of CML cells. Despite the success of imatinib mesylate in the treatment of CML, resistance is observed, particularly in advanced disease. The most common imatinib mesylate resistance mechanism involves Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations that impart varying degrees of drug insensitivity. AP23464, a potent adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-based inhibitor of Src and Abl kinases, displays antiproliferative activity against a human CML cell line and Bcr-Abl-transduced Ba/F3 cells (IC(50) = 14 nM; imatinib mesylate IC(50) = 350 nM). AP23464 ablates Bcr-Abl tyrosine phosphorylation, blocks cell cycle progression, and promotes apoptosis of Bcr-Abl-expressing cells. Biochemical assays with purified glutathione S transferase (GST)-Abl kinase domain confirmed that AP23464 directly inhibits Abl activity. Importantly, the low nanomolar cellular and biochemical inhibitory properties of AP23464 extend to frequently observed imatinib mesylate-resistant Bcr-Abl mutants, including nucleotide binding P-loop mutants Q252H, Y253F, E255K, C-terminal loop mutant M351T, and activation loop mutant H396P. AP23464 was ineffective against mutant T315I, an imatinib mesylate contact residue. The potency of AP23464 against imatinib mesylate-refractory Bcr-Abl and its distinct binding mode relative to imatinib mesylate warrant further investigation of AP23464 for the treatment of CML.
Inhibition of wild-type and mutant Bcr-Abl by AP23464, a potent ATP-based oncogenic protein kinase inhibitor: implications for CML.
Blood, Oct 2004 [PubMed 15256422]
BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations are infrequently detected in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Recent studies indicate the presence of pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations in a higher percentage of CML patients when CD34+ stem/progenitor cells are investigated using sensitive techniques, and these mutations are associated with imatinib resistance and disease progression. However, such studies were limited to smaller number of patients. We investigated BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations in CD34+ cells from 100 chronic-phase CML patients by multiplex allele-specific PCR and sequencing at diagnosis. Mutations were re-investigated upon manifestation of imatinib resistance using allele-specific PCR and direct sequencing of BCR-ABL kinase domain. Pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations were detected in 32/100 patients and included F311L, M351T, and T315I. After a median follow-up of 30 months (range 8-48), all patients with pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations exhibited imatinib resistance. Of the 68 patients without pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations, 24 developed imatinib resistance; allele-specific PCR and BCR-ABL kinase domain sequencing detected mutations in 22 of these patients. All 32 patients with pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations had the same mutations after manifestation of imatinib-resistance. In imatinib-resistant patients without pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations, we detected F311L, M351T, Y253F, and T315I mutations. All imatinib-resistant patients except T315I and Y253F mutations responded to imatinib dose escalation. Pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations can be detected in a substantial number of chronic-phase CML patients by sensitive allele-specific PCR technique using CD34+ cells. These mutations are associated with imatinib resistance if affecting drug binding directly or indirectly. After the recent approval of nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib and ponatinib for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia along with imatinib, all of which vary in their effectiveness against mutated BCR-ABL forms, detection of pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations can help in selection of appropriate first-line drug therapy. Thus, mutation testing using CD34+ cells may facilitate improved, patient-tailored treatment.
Sensitive detection of pre-existing BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations in CD34+ cells of newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients is associated with imatinib resistance: implications in the post-imatinib era.
PloS one, 2013 [PubMed 23409026]

14 articles, score 1.733

Abstracts

Point mutations were found in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding region of BCR/ABL in 12 of 18 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(+) ALL) and imatinib resistance (defined as loss of established hematologic response), but they were found in only 1 of 10 patients with CML with imatinib refractoriness (failure to achieve cytogenetic response). In 10 of 10 patients for whom samples were available, the mutation was not detected before the initiation of imatinib therapy. Three mutations (T315I, Y253H, and F317L present in 3, 1, and 1 patients, respectively) have a predicted role in abrogating imatinib binding to BCR/ABL, whereas 3 other mutations (E255K, G250E, and M351T, present in 4, 2, and 2 patients, respectively) do not. Thus we confirm a high frequency of mutations clustered within the ATP-binding region of BCR/ABL in resistant patients. Screening may allow intervention before relapse by identifying emerging mutations with defined impacts on imatinib binding. Certain mutations may respond to higher doses of imatinib, whereas other mutations may mandate switching to another therapeutic strategy.
High frequency of point mutations clustered within the adenosine triphosphate-binding region of BCR/ABL in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia or Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia who develop imatinib (STI571) resistance.
Blood, May 2002 [PubMed 11964322]
Data demonstrating the superiority of nilotinib over imatinib in the frontline treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and ongoing studies with dasatinib and bosutinib are rapidly changing the treatment landscape for CML. In this review, the authors discuss currently available therapies for CML, focusing on mechanisms of resistance to imatinib and treatment strategies to overcome resistance. Relevant articles were identified through searches of PubMed and abstracts from international hematology/oncology congresses. Additional information sources were identified from the bibliographies of these references and from the authors' own libraries and expertise. In vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50) ) data alone are not sufficient to guide the choice of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in the presence of a mutant breakpoint cluster region-v-abl Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog (BCR-ABL) clone, because there is a lack of data regarding how well such IC(50) values correlate with clinical response. A small subset of BCR-ABL mutant clones have been associated with impaired responses to second-generation TKIs (tyrosine to histidine mutation at codon 253 [Y253H], glutamic acid to lysine or valine mutation at codon 255 [E255K/V], and phenylalanine to cysteine or valine mutation at codon 359 [F359C/V] for nilotinib; valine to leucine mutation at codon 299 [V299L] and F317L for dasatinib); neither nilotinib nor dasatinib is active against the threonine to isoleucine mutation at codon 315 (T315I). For each second-generation TKI, the detection of 1 of a small subset of mutations at the time of resistance may be helpful in the selection of second-line therapy [corrected]. For the majority of patients, comorbidities and drug safety profiles should be the basis for choosing a second-line agent. Clinical trial data from an evaluation of the response of specific mutant BCR-ABL clones to TKIs is needed to establish the role of mutation testing in the management of CML.
Practical advice for determining the role of BCR-ABL mutations in guiding tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.
Cancer, May 2011 [PubMed 21509757]
A 60-year-old woman presented with night-sweats and increasing weakness. Physical examination revealed no abnormalities. For 27 years she had been treated for Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Because of progressive disease treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib (STI571, Glivec (R)) had been started 9 months before. She had achieved complete hematological remission within 8 weeks, but not a cytogenetic response. Elevated WBC count (26.7/nl) with a differential displaying typical features of acceleration in bone marrow aspirate confirmed CML in accelerated phase. Sequencing of the ATP binding site of the BCR-ABL gene, which - at protein level - is the target for imatinib, revealed the clonal selection of cells harboring a point mutation leading to the exchange of amino acid 253 from tyrosine to histidine. This was considered to be the cause of resistance to imatinib. Dose increase of imatinib up to 600 mg daily and administration of cytarabine did not overcome resistance. Imatinib therapy was discontinued; hematologic remission was induced by oral therapy with hydroxyurea and mercaptopurine. In the course of the following 6 months a gradual decrease of the resistant clone from 100 % down to lower than the detection limit of the method was demonstrated. Clonal mutations are often the cause of resistance to imatinib therapy. They can be detected by sequencing of the ATP binding site of BCR-ABL in specialized laboratories. This case shows that discontinuation of imatinib therapy can significantly reduce the mutated (resistant) clone and thereby restore sensitivity to imatinib.
[Resistance to tumor specific therapy with imatinib by clonal selection of mutated cells].
Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), Oct 2002 [PubMed 12397549]

8 articles, score 1.356

Abstracts

The deregulated, oncogenic tyrosine kinase Bcr-Abl causes chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571), a Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor, selectively inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of CML cells. Despite the success of imatinib mesylate in the treatment of CML, resistance is observed, particularly in advanced disease. The most common imatinib mesylate resistance mechanism involves Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations that impart varying degrees of drug insensitivity. AP23464, a potent adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-based inhibitor of Src and Abl kinases, displays antiproliferative activity against a human CML cell line and Bcr-Abl-transduced Ba/F3 cells (IC(50) = 14 nM; imatinib mesylate IC(50) = 350 nM). AP23464 ablates Bcr-Abl tyrosine phosphorylation, blocks cell cycle progression, and promotes apoptosis of Bcr-Abl-expressing cells. Biochemical assays with purified glutathione S transferase (GST)-Abl kinase domain confirmed that AP23464 directly inhibits Abl activity. Importantly, the low nanomolar cellular and biochemical inhibitory properties of AP23464 extend to frequently observed imatinib mesylate-resistant Bcr-Abl mutants, including nucleotide binding P-loop mutants Q252H, Y253F, E255K, C-terminal loop mutant M351T, and activation loop mutant H396P. AP23464 was ineffective against mutant T315I, an imatinib mesylate contact residue. The potency of AP23464 against imatinib mesylate-refractory Bcr-Abl and its distinct binding mode relative to imatinib mesylate warrant further investigation of AP23464 for the treatment of CML.
Inhibition of wild-type and mutant Bcr-Abl by AP23464, a potent ATP-based oncogenic protein kinase inhibitor: implications for CML.
Blood, Oct 2004 [PubMed 15256422]
BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations are infrequently detected in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Recent studies indicate the presence of pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations in a higher percentage of CML patients when CD34+ stem/progenitor cells are investigated using sensitive techniques, and these mutations are associated with imatinib resistance and disease progression. However, such studies were limited to smaller number of patients. We investigated BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations in CD34+ cells from 100 chronic-phase CML patients by multiplex allele-specific PCR and sequencing at diagnosis. Mutations were re-investigated upon manifestation of imatinib resistance using allele-specific PCR and direct sequencing of BCR-ABL kinase domain. Pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations were detected in 32/100 patients and included F311L, M351T, and T315I. After a median follow-up of 30 months (range 8-48), all patients with pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations exhibited imatinib resistance. Of the 68 patients without pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations, 24 developed imatinib resistance; allele-specific PCR and BCR-ABL kinase domain sequencing detected mutations in 22 of these patients. All 32 patients with pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations had the same mutations after manifestation of imatinib-resistance. In imatinib-resistant patients without pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations, we detected F311L, M351T, Y253F, and T315I mutations. All imatinib-resistant patients except T315I and Y253F mutations responded to imatinib dose escalation. Pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations can be detected in a substantial number of chronic-phase CML patients by sensitive allele-specific PCR technique using CD34+ cells. These mutations are associated with imatinib resistance if affecting drug binding directly or indirectly. After the recent approval of nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib and ponatinib for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia along with imatinib, all of which vary in their effectiveness against mutated BCR-ABL forms, detection of pre-existing BCR-ABL mutations can help in selection of appropriate first-line drug therapy. Thus, mutation testing using CD34+ cells may facilitate improved, patient-tailored treatment.
Sensitive detection of pre-existing BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations in CD34+ cells of newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients is associated with imatinib resistance: implications in the post-imatinib era.
PloS one, 2013 [PubMed 23409026]
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is effectively treated with imatinib. However, reactivation of Bcr-Abl via kinase domain mutations that reduce sensitivity to imatinib can cause relapse. As combination therapy is frequently used to prevent emergence of resistance, the combination of imatinib with an inhibitor of imatinib-resistant Bcr-Abl mutants (e.g., Src/Abl inhibitors AP23848 and BMS-354825) was investigated. To test this approach, cellular proliferation and Bcr-Abl tyrosine phosphorylation assays were done on Ba/F3 cells expressing wild-type (WT) Bcr-Abl and four common imatinib-resistant mutants (Y253F, E255K, T315I, and M351T). Colony-forming assays with primary CML cells were also done. Both Src/Abl inhibitors retained full inhibitory capacity when coadministered with imatinib at concentrations above typical clinical levels. For cells expressing WT Bcr-Abl or the marginally imatinib-resistant mutant M351T, inclusion of imatinib at therapeutic levels enhanced the effects of the Src/Abl inhibitors. By comparison, for the highly imatinib-resistant mutants Y253F and E255K, inclusion of imatinib at clinical levels resulted in only a slight enhancement beyond the effects of the Src/Abl inhibitors. None of the inhibitors affected Bcr-Abl T315I cells. Colony-forming assays with primary CML cells yielded analogous results. Our results indicate that Src/Abl inhibitors are compatible with imatinib and suggest that combined Abl inhibitor therapy is a feasible treatment strategy for patients with CML.
Combined Abl inhibitor therapy for minimizing drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia: Src/Abl inhibitors are compatible with imatinib.
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, Oct 2005 [PubMed 16203792]

9 articles, score 1.301

Abstracts

ABL kinase domain mutations have been implicated in the resistance to the BCR-ABL inhibitor imatinib mesylate of Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) leukemia patients. Using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and sequencing, we screened for ABL kinase domain mutations in 370 Ph+ patients with evidence of hematologic or cytogenetic resistance to imatinib. Mutations were found in 127 of 297 (43%) evaluable patients. Mutations were found in 27% of chronic-phase patients (14% treated with imatinib frontline; 31% treated with imatinib post-IFN failure), 52% of accelerated-phase patients, 75% of myeloid blast crisis patients, and 83% of lymphoid blast crisis/Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. Mutations were associated in 30% of patients with primary resistance (44% hematologic and 28% cytogenetic) and in 57% of patients with acquired resistance (23% patients who lost cytogenetic response; 55% patients who lost hematologic response; and 87% patients who progressed to accelerated phase/blast crisis). P-loop and T315I mutations were particularly frequent in advanced-phase chronic myeloid leukemia and Ph+ ALL patients, and often accompanied progression from chronic phase to accelerated phase/blast crisis. We conclude that (a) amino acid substitutions at seven residues (M244V, G250E, Y253F/H, E255K/V, T315I, M351T, and F359V) account for 85% of all resistance-associated mutations; (b) the search for mutations is important both in case of imatinib failure and in case of loss of response at the hematologic or cytogenetic level; (c) advanced-phase chronic myeloid leukemia and Ph+ ALL patients have a higher likelihood of developing imatinib-resistant mutations; and (d) the presence of either P-loop or T315I mutations in imatinib-treated patients should warn the clinician to reconsider the therapeutic strategy.
Contribution of ABL kinase domain mutations to imatinib resistance in different subsets of Philadelphia-positive patients: by the GIMEMA Working Party on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, Dec 2006 [PubMed 17189410]
Point mutations were found in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding region of BCR/ABL in 12 of 18 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(+) ALL) and imatinib resistance (defined as loss of established hematologic response), but they were found in only 1 of 10 patients with CML with imatinib refractoriness (failure to achieve cytogenetic response). In 10 of 10 patients for whom samples were available, the mutation was not detected before the initiation of imatinib therapy. Three mutations (T315I, Y253H, and F317L present in 3, 1, and 1 patients, respectively) have a predicted role in abrogating imatinib binding to BCR/ABL, whereas 3 other mutations (E255K, G250E, and M351T, present in 4, 2, and 2 patients, respectively) do not. Thus we confirm a high frequency of mutations clustered within the ATP-binding region of BCR/ABL in resistant patients. Screening may allow intervention before relapse by identifying emerging mutations with defined impacts on imatinib binding. Certain mutations may respond to higher doses of imatinib, whereas other mutations may mandate switching to another therapeutic strategy.
High frequency of point mutations clustered within the adenosine triphosphate-binding region of BCR/ABL in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia or Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia who develop imatinib (STI571) resistance.
Blood, May 2002 [PubMed 11964322]
Imatinib (Gleevec) (formerly STI571) competitively targets the adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) binding site of the kinase domain of ABL and was recently approved for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Point mutations occurring in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL have been identified as a cause of imatinib resistance. These mutations can be categorized into two groups: (1) mutations directly impairing the binding of imatinib but not ATP, and (2) mutations occurring in the ATP phosphate binding loop (P loop) or activation loop preventing the kinase to achieve conformation required for imatinib binding. Functional analysis of mutant BCR-ABL alleles in vitro has demonstrated four mutations (Q252H, F317L,M351T, E355G) to confer moderate resistance to imatinib, while T315I-, E255K-, Y253F-, and G250E-expressing cells are markedly resistant. Assay sensitivities and patient selection will affect the frequency of mutation detection. Another possible explanation for imatinib resistance is that mutated BCR-ABL-expressing cells might pre-exist the onset of treatment at levels below threshold detection (<20%), then expand under selective pressure of imatinib treatment. Rare mutated cells were identified using a very sensitive allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction (ASO-PCR) assay in pretreatment samples of five CML patients supporting the theory that point mutations pre-existed imatinib treatment. Imatinib-resistant patients may benefit from molecular genotyping so mutations can be identified and clinical therapy adjusted accordingly.
Mutations in the ABL kinase domain pre-exist the onset of imatinib treatment.
Seminars in hematology, Apr 2003 [PubMed 12783380]

7 articles, score 1.025

Abstracts

Point mutations were found in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding region of BCR/ABL in 12 of 18 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(+) ALL) and imatinib resistance (defined as loss of established hematologic response), but they were found in only 1 of 10 patients with CML with imatinib refractoriness (failure to achieve cytogenetic response). In 10 of 10 patients for whom samples were available, the mutation was not detected before the initiation of imatinib therapy. Three mutations (T315I, Y253H, and F317L present in 3, 1, and 1 patients, respectively) have a predicted role in abrogating imatinib binding to BCR/ABL, whereas 3 other mutations (E255K, G250E, and M351T, present in 4, 2, and 2 patients, respectively) do not. Thus we confirm a high frequency of mutations clustered within the ATP-binding region of BCR/ABL in resistant patients. Screening may allow intervention before relapse by identifying emerging mutations with defined impacts on imatinib binding. Certain mutations may respond to higher doses of imatinib, whereas other mutations may mandate switching to another therapeutic strategy.
High frequency of point mutations clustered within the adenosine triphosphate-binding region of BCR/ABL in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia or Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia who develop imatinib (STI571) resistance.
Blood, May 2002 [PubMed 11964322]
Data demonstrating the superiority of nilotinib over imatinib in the frontline treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and ongoing studies with dasatinib and bosutinib are rapidly changing the treatment landscape for CML. In this review, the authors discuss currently available therapies for CML, focusing on mechanisms of resistance to imatinib and treatment strategies to overcome resistance. Relevant articles were identified through searches of PubMed and abstracts from international hematology/oncology congresses. Additional information sources were identified from the bibliographies of these references and from the authors' own libraries and expertise. In vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50) ) data alone are not sufficient to guide the choice of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in the presence of a mutant breakpoint cluster region-v-abl Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog (BCR-ABL) clone, because there is a lack of data regarding how well such IC(50) values correlate with clinical response. A small subset of BCR-ABL mutant clones have been associated with impaired responses to second-generation TKIs (tyrosine to histidine mutation at codon 253 [Y253H], glutamic acid to lysine or valine mutation at codon 255 [E255K/V], and phenylalanine to cysteine or valine mutation at codon 359 [F359C/V] for nilotinib; valine to leucine mutation at codon 299 [V299L] and F317L for dasatinib); neither nilotinib nor dasatinib is active against the threonine to isoleucine mutation at codon 315 (T315I). For each second-generation TKI, the detection of 1 of a small subset of mutations at the time of resistance may be helpful in the selection of second-line therapy [corrected]. For the majority of patients, comorbidities and drug safety profiles should be the basis for choosing a second-line agent. Clinical trial data from an evaluation of the response of specific mutant BCR-ABL clones to TKIs is needed to establish the role of mutation testing in the management of CML.
Practical advice for determining the role of BCR-ABL mutations in guiding tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.
Cancer, May 2011 [PubMed 21509757]
Imatinib (Gleevec) (formerly STI571) competitively targets the adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) binding site of the kinase domain of ABL and was recently approved for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Point mutations occurring in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL have been identified as a cause of imatinib resistance. These mutations can be categorized into two groups: (1) mutations directly impairing the binding of imatinib but not ATP, and (2) mutations occurring in the ATP phosphate binding loop (P loop) or activation loop preventing the kinase to achieve conformation required for imatinib binding. Functional analysis of mutant BCR-ABL alleles in vitro has demonstrated four mutations (Q252H, F317L,M351T, E355G) to confer moderate resistance to imatinib, while T315I-, E255K-, Y253F-, and G250E-expressing cells are markedly resistant. Assay sensitivities and patient selection will affect the frequency of mutation detection. Another possible explanation for imatinib resistance is that mutated BCR-ABL-expressing cells might pre-exist the onset of treatment at levels below threshold detection (<20%), then expand under selective pressure of imatinib treatment. Rare mutated cells were identified using a very sensitive allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction (ASO-PCR) assay in pretreatment samples of five CML patients supporting the theory that point mutations pre-existed imatinib treatment. Imatinib-resistant patients may benefit from molecular genotyping so mutations can be identified and clinical therapy adjusted accordingly.
Mutations in the ABL kinase domain pre-exist the onset of imatinib treatment.
Seminars in hematology, Apr 2003 [PubMed 12783380]

5 articles, score .882

Abstracts

The deregulated, oncogenic tyrosine kinase Bcr-Abl causes chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571), a Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor, selectively inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of CML cells. Despite the success of imatinib mesylate in the treatment of CML, resistance is observed, particularly in advanced disease. The most common imatinib mesylate resistance mechanism involves Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations that impart varying degrees of drug insensitivity. AP23464, a potent adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-based inhibitor of Src and Abl kinases, displays antiproliferative activity against a human CML cell line and Bcr-Abl-transduced Ba/F3 cells (IC(50) = 14 nM; imatinib mesylate IC(50) = 350 nM). AP23464 ablates Bcr-Abl tyrosine phosphorylation, blocks cell cycle progression, and promotes apoptosis of Bcr-Abl-expressing cells. Biochemical assays with purified glutathione S transferase (GST)-Abl kinase domain confirmed that AP23464 directly inhibits Abl activity. Importantly, the low nanomolar cellular and biochemical inhibitory properties of AP23464 extend to frequently observed imatinib mesylate-resistant Bcr-Abl mutants, including nucleotide binding P-loop mutants Q252H, Y253F, E255K, C-terminal loop mutant M351T, and activation loop mutant H396P. AP23464 was ineffective against mutant T315I, an imatinib mesylate contact residue. The potency of AP23464 against imatinib mesylate-refractory Bcr-Abl and its distinct binding mode relative to imatinib mesylate warrant further investigation of AP23464 for the treatment of CML.
Inhibition of wild-type and mutant Bcr-Abl by AP23464, a potent ATP-based oncogenic protein kinase inhibitor: implications for CML.
Blood, Oct 2004 [PubMed 15256422]
Resistance to imatinib mesylate is an emerging problem in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), often associated with point mutations in the Bcr-Abl kinase domain. Outcome of patients with such mutations after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Allo-SCT) is unknown. Ten imatinib-resistant patients with Bcr-Abl kinase mutations received a transplant: 9 had CML (3 in chronic phase, 4 in accelerated phase, and 2 in blast phase) and 1 had Philadelphia-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Patients harbored 9 different protein kinase mutations (T315I mutation, n = 2). Preparative regimens were ablative (n = 7) and nonablative (n = 3). All patients engrafted; there were no treatment-related deaths. Disease response was complete molecular (CMR; n = 7), major molecular (n = 2), and no response (n = 1). Three patients (mutations Q252H, E255K, and T315I) died of relapse after Allo-SCT. Seven patients are alive (6 in CMR) for a median of 19 months. Allo-SCT remains an important salvage option for patients who develop resistance to imatinib through Bcr-Abl mutations.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia after Bcr-Abl kinase mutation-related imatinib failure.
Blood, Aug 2006 [PubMed 16601247]
Imatinib (Gleevec) (formerly STI571) competitively targets the adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) binding site of the kinase domain of ABL and was recently approved for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Point mutations occurring in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL have been identified as a cause of imatinib resistance. These mutations can be categorized into two groups: (1) mutations directly impairing the binding of imatinib but not ATP, and (2) mutations occurring in the ATP phosphate binding loop (P loop) or activation loop preventing the kinase to achieve conformation required for imatinib binding. Functional analysis of mutant BCR-ABL alleles in vitro has demonstrated four mutations (Q252H, F317L,M351T, E355G) to confer moderate resistance to imatinib, while T315I-, E255K-, Y253F-, and G250E-expressing cells are markedly resistant. Assay sensitivities and patient selection will affect the frequency of mutation detection. Another possible explanation for imatinib resistance is that mutated BCR-ABL-expressing cells might pre-exist the onset of treatment at levels below threshold detection (<20%), then expand under selective pressure of imatinib treatment. Rare mutated cells were identified using a very sensitive allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction (ASO-PCR) assay in pretreatment samples of five CML patients supporting the theory that point mutations pre-existed imatinib treatment. Imatinib-resistant patients may benefit from molecular genotyping so mutations can be identified and clinical therapy adjusted accordingly.
Mutations in the ABL kinase domain pre-exist the onset of imatinib treatment.
Seminars in hematology, Apr 2003 [PubMed 12783380]

4 articles, score .693

Abstracts

ABL kinase domain mutations have been implicated in the resistance to the BCR-ABL inhibitor imatinib mesylate of Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) leukemia patients. Using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and sequencing, we screened for ABL kinase domain mutations in 370 Ph+ patients with evidence of hematologic or cytogenetic resistance to imatinib. Mutations were found in 127 of 297 (43%) evaluable patients. Mutations were found in 27% of chronic-phase patients (14% treated with imatinib frontline; 31% treated with imatinib post-IFN failure), 52% of accelerated-phase patients, 75% of myeloid blast crisis patients, and 83% of lymphoid blast crisis/Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. Mutations were associated in 30% of patients with primary resistance (44% hematologic and 28% cytogenetic) and in 57% of patients with acquired resistance (23% patients who lost cytogenetic response; 55% patients who lost hematologic response; and 87% patients who progressed to accelerated phase/blast crisis). P-loop and T315I mutations were particularly frequent in advanced-phase chronic myeloid leukemia and Ph+ ALL patients, and often accompanied progression from chronic phase to accelerated phase/blast crisis. We conclude that (a) amino acid substitutions at seven residues (M244V, G250E, Y253F/H, E255K/V, T315I, M351T, and F359V) account for 85% of all resistance-associated mutations; (b) the search for mutations is important both in case of imatinib failure and in case of loss of response at the hematologic or cytogenetic level; (c) advanced-phase chronic myeloid leukemia and Ph+ ALL patients have a higher likelihood of developing imatinib-resistant mutations; and (d) the presence of either P-loop or T315I mutations in imatinib-treated patients should warn the clinician to reconsider the therapeutic strategy.
Contribution of ABL kinase domain mutations to imatinib resistance in different subsets of Philadelphia-positive patients: by the GIMEMA Working Party on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, Dec 2006 [PubMed 17189410]
Resistance and intolerance to imatinib in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia requires alternative therapies. Nilotinib provides a choice as a second-line treatment. The objective of this report was to show the results of a group of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who received nilotinib as a second-line treatment. The medical records of 16 patients of both sexes, of any age, diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia, who received nilotinib as a second-line treatment, were reviewed. All of them had received imatinib prior as first-line treatment; the causes to switch to nilotinib were intolerance, resistance and clinical progression of leukemia. The sample was of 16 patients, who achieved at least a hematologic response; 10 were males (62.5%). The age range was 24 to 75 years. Two patients received nilotinib due to intolerance to imatinib; seven due to resistance to imatinib and seven due to lack of response. There was response in the two patients who received nilotinib due to intolerance. One patient died five months after starting nilotinib due to progression of leukemia; four patients achieved major molecular response, two patients had reduced expression of BCR-ABL gene. Six patients continued with high expression of BCR-ABL gene; two of them carrying M244V mutation, and one with a complex karyotype with numerical and structural alterations. Nilotinib is an option for patients with intolerance or resistance to imatinib.
[Nilotinib in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia without response to imatinib].
Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2014 [PubMed 24878095]
background: Mutations of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase domain constitute a major cause of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. We sought to improve the diagnostic armamentarium by screening and to analyze the dynamics of mutated clones in chronic myeloid leukemia patients who experienced hematologic or cytogenetic relapse. Ninety-five patients who relapsed during imatinib therapy were screened for BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations using sensitive denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (D-HPLC) and direct sequencing. To investigate the dynamics of mutated clones D-HPLC was applied to 453 cDNA samples tracking back from relapse towards the start of imatinib therapy. Twenty-two different point mutations affecting 18 amino acids were detectable in 46/79 (58%) and in 7/16 patients (44%) with hematologic or cytogenetic relapse, respectively. A deletion of 81 nucleotides (del248-274) of ABL exon 4 was observed in two patients. Three patients had exclusively single nucleotide polymorphisms (K247R, T315T, E499E, n=1 each) within the BCR-ABL kinase domain. In patients harboring mutations, hematologic relapse occurred after a median of 12.9 months (range, 0.9-44.2), and BCR-ABL mutations first became detectable at a median of 5.8 months (range, 0-30.5) after starting imatinib therapy (p<0.0001). Nine patients showed evidence of BCR-ABL mutations prior to imatinib therapy (T315I, n=4; M351T, n=3; M244V and Y253H, n=1 each). We conclude that: (i) D-HPLC is a sensitive method for screening for BCR-ABL mutations before and during therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors; (ii) the occurrence of BCR-ABL mutations during imatinib therapy is predictive of relapse; (iii) mutations may be detectable several months before relapse, and (iv) the sensitive detection of small numbers of mutated clones could provide clinical benefit by triggering early therapeutic interventions.
Dynamics of BCR-ABL mutated clones prior to hematologic or cytogenetic resistance to imatinib.
Haematologica, Feb 2008 [PubMed 18223278]

6 articles, score .678

Abstracts

Data demonstrating the superiority of nilotinib over imatinib in the frontline treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and ongoing studies with dasatinib and bosutinib are rapidly changing the treatment landscape for CML. In this review, the authors discuss currently available therapies for CML, focusing on mechanisms of resistance to imatinib and treatment strategies to overcome resistance. Relevant articles were identified through searches of PubMed and abstracts from international hematology/oncology congresses. Additional information sources were identified from the bibliographies of these references and from the authors' own libraries and expertise. In vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50) ) data alone are not sufficient to guide the choice of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in the presence of a mutant breakpoint cluster region-v-abl Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog (BCR-ABL) clone, because there is a lack of data regarding how well such IC(50) values correlate with clinical response. A small subset of BCR-ABL mutant clones have been associated with impaired responses to second-generation TKIs (tyrosine to histidine mutation at codon 253 [Y253H], glutamic acid to lysine or valine mutation at codon 255 [E255K/V], and phenylalanine to cysteine or valine mutation at codon 359 [F359C/V] for nilotinib; valine to leucine mutation at codon 299 [V299L] and F317L for dasatinib); neither nilotinib nor dasatinib is active against the threonine to isoleucine mutation at codon 315 (T315I). For each second-generation TKI, the detection of 1 of a small subset of mutations at the time of resistance may be helpful in the selection of second-line therapy [corrected]. For the majority of patients, comorbidities and drug safety profiles should be the basis for choosing a second-line agent. Clinical trial data from an evaluation of the response of specific mutant BCR-ABL clones to TKIs is needed to establish the role of mutation testing in the management of CML.
Practical advice for determining the role of BCR-ABL mutations in guiding tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.
Cancer, May 2011 [PubMed 21509757]
Therapies that target BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia, including imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib, have dramatically improved patient outcome. BCR-ABL mutations, however, contribute to treatment resistance by disrupting drug contact sites or causing conformational changes thus making contact sites inaccessible. Clinical data indicate that developing BCR-ABL mutations during imatinib treatment is predictive for shorter progression-free survival, and that outcomes may depend on mutation type or location. In vitro, dasatinib and nilotinib inhibit most imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL mutations, except for T315I. In clinical studies, other mutations associated with treatment resistance include V299L, T315A, and F317I/L for dasatinib and Y253F/H, E255K/V, and F359C/V for nilotinib. Evaluating patients with clinical signs of resistance for BCR-ABL mutations is an important component of disease monitoring, potentially facilitating selection of subsequent therapy. First-line treatment with dasatinib or nilotinib instead of imatinib may reduce emergence of resistance but novel agents are needed to overcome the problematic T315I mutation.
Impact of BCR-ABL mutations on patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.
Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.), Jan 2011 [PubMed 21220945]
Bosutinib (SKI-606) is an orally available, once-daily dual Src and Abl kinase inhibitor, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of adults with chronic, accelerated, or blast-phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia who are intolerant of or resistant to first- or second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bosutinib effectively overcomes the majority of imatinib-resistance-conferring BCR-ABL mutations except V299L and T315I. In the Bosutinib Efficacy and Safety in chronic myeloid LeukemiA (BELA) trial, bosutinib attained a faster and deeper molecular response than imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia patients. Treatment-emergent adverse events are usually very manageable. Low grade, mostly self-limiting diarrhea represents the most frequently observed toxicity of bosutinib. Anti-diarrheal drugs, antiemetic agents, and/or fluid replacement should be used to treat these patients. The improved hematological toxicity of bosutinib compared with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors has been ascribed to its minimal activity against platelet-derived growth factor receptor and KIT. In this review, we give an overview on the profile of bosutinib, the clinical potential and treatment-emergent adverse events.
Bosutinib in the management of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Biologics : targets & therapy, 2013 [PubMed 23674887]